Nanotechnology is a generic platform with the potential to drive economic growth with inclusive development through innovation related to materials, foods, medicines, and others. This book studies the determinants of the evolution and functioning of state policy and technology clusters in developed regions like the USA and the EU to identify the strategies that can or cannot be replicated elsewhere. Tracing the trajectories in nanotechnology being carved out by four emerging countries: China, India, Brazil and Mexico, it identifies common as well as country-specific factors that influence the rates of return to public and private investment related to nanotechnology in emerging countries.